1.10: Describe these Experimental Techniques for the Separation of Mixtures: Simple Distillation, Fractional Distillation, Filtration, Crystallization, Paper Chromatography

SIMPLE DISTILLATION

Diagram showing the Simple Distillation of a Mixture of Salt and Water

USE: To separate a liquid from a solution (E.g Water from a Solution of Salt Water)

EXPLANATION: Solution is heated and Water vapors will rise and evaporate Water vapors pass through condenser where it cools and condenses, turning into a liquid that is collected in a beaker After all Water is evaporated from solution, solute will be left behind

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

Diagram showing the Fractional Distillation of a Mixture of Ethanol and Water

USE: To separate two or more liquids that are miscible with one another (E.g Ethanol and Water from a Mixture of the Two)

EXPLANATION: Solution is heated to temperature of substance with the lowest boiling point and vapors of this substance will rise and evaporate Vapors pass through condenser where it cools and condenses, turning into a liquid that is collected in a beaker After all of substance is evaporated and collected, mixture of substance will be left behind

FILTRATION

Diagram showing the Filtration of a Mixture of Sand and Water

USE: To separate an undissolved solid from a mixture of the solid and a liquid / solution ( E.g Sand from a mixture of Sand and Water)

EXPLANATION: Filter paper is placed in a filter funnel, which is placed above another beaker Mixture of insoluble solid and liquid is poured into filter funnel, which only allows small liquid particles to pass through as filtrate Solid particles are too large to pass through as filtrate so will stay behind as residue

CRYSTALLIZATION

Diagram showing the Process of Crystallization

USE: To separate a dissolved solid from a solution (when the solid is more soluble in hot solvent than in cold) (E.g Copper (II) Sulphate from a Solution of Copper (II) Sulphate in Water)

EXPLANATION: Solution is heated, allowing solvent to evaporate and leave saturated solution Saturated solution is left to cool, and solids will come out of solution to grow into Crystals Crystals are collected and allowed to dry

PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY

Diagram showing the Paper Chromatography of Ink and Plant Dye

USE: To separate substances that have different solubilities in a given solvent (E.g Different coloured inks mixed to form black ink)

EXPLANATION: Pencil line is drawn on chromatography paper and concentrated spot of ink/dye is placed on it Paper is lowered into bucket of solvent, allowing solvent to travel up the paper taking particles of coloured substance with it Different substances have different solubilities so will travel at different rates, causing substance to be spread along vertical length of paper This will show the different components of the ink/dye